Resumo:
Este trabalho observa a relação entre as formas legais adotadas por instituições de microcrédito (IMCs) e o desempenho das instituições sob três escopos: o desempenho financeiro, o desempenho social e a eficiência na alocação de recursos. As IMCs estudadas classificaram-se em quatro grupos, de acordo com as formas legais adotadas: bancos, organizações não governamentais, cooperativas e um quarto grupo formado pelas instituições com fins lucrativos não caracterizadas como bancos; esse grupo formou-se por instituições financeiras não bancárias (IFNBs) e bancos rurais. Os dados utilizados compreendem o período de seis anos, de 2007 a 2012, com periodicidade anual. Empregou-se o modelo quantitativo de regressão com dados em painel no qual se utilizaram variáveis dummies para comparação entre os quatro grupos de formas legais, excetuando-se o grupo formado por IFNBs e bancos rurais, não representados por uma variável dummy. Formaram a amostra 304 IMCs de 59 países. No trabalho, observou-se que IMCs maiores conseguem lucros maiores, retornos maiores e índices de autossuficiência operacional maiores, indicando que o crescimento das IMCs pode permitir a consolidação no mercado de microfinanças. O resultado também indica que, para as IMCs menores, o caminho para consolidação e melhora nos indicadores pode ser a assimilação ou fusão com outras IMCs. Também se observou que as IFNBs e os bancos rurais conseguem atender mais clientes; já as cooperativas fornecem empréstimos menores, causando maior impacto social, obtêm maiores lucros e maiores retornos. Tais resultados são indicativos que essas formas legais podem ser as mais adequadas para o mercado de microfinanças.
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